Here’s a comprehensive question bank for Chapter 2: *Structure of Atom*, featuring 120 short questions and 10 long questions, categorized by difficulty level.
### **Short Questions (120 Questions)**
**Easy Questions (36 Questions)**
1. What are cathode rays?
2. Who discovered the electron?
3. What is the charge of an electron?
4. What is the mass of a proton?
5. Who is credited with the discovery of the neutron?
6. What is the charge of a neutron?
7. State Rutherford's atomic model in brief.
8. What were the results of Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
9. What is the primary defect in Rutherford's atomic model?
10. What did Bohr propose in his atomic theory?
11. What are the main differences between Rutherford's and Bohr's models?
12. Define electronic configuration.
13. What is the electronic configuration of hydrogen?
14. Write the electronic configuration of helium.
15. What is the electronic configuration of lithium?
16. Write the electronic configuration of carbon.
17. What is the electronic configuration of nitrogen?
18. Write the electronic configuration of oxygen.
19. What is the electronic configuration of fluorine?
20. Write the electronic configuration of neon.
21. What is the electronic configuration of sodium?
22. Write the electronic configuration of magnesium.
23. What is the electronic configuration of aluminum?
24. Write the electronic configuration of silicon.
25. What is the electronic configuration of phosphorus?
26. Write the electronic configuration of sulfur.
27. What is the electronic configuration of chlorine?
28. Write the electronic configuration of argon.
29. What is the electronic configuration of potassium?
30. Write the electronic configuration of calcium.
31. Define isotopes.
32. Give an example of isotopes.
33. Name the isotopes of hydrogen.
34. Name the isotopes of carbon.
35. Name the isotopes of chlorine.
36. Name the isotopes of uranium.
**Moderate Questions (48 Questions)**
37. Explain the significance of the cathode ray experiment.
38. Describe the discovery of the electron.
39. What role did J.J. Thomson play in atomic theory?
40. Explain how protons were discovered.
41. Discuss the evidence for the existence of neutrons.
42. What conclusions did Rutherford draw from his experiments?
43. How does Rutherford's model differ from earlier models?
44. What are the limitations of Rutherford's atomic model?
45. Summarize Bohr's model of the atom.
46. How does Bohr's model explain the hydrogen spectrum?
47. What is the concept of quantized energy levels?
48. Explain the concept of atomic number.
49. Define mass number.
50. How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?
51. Write the electronic configuration of the first 18 elements.
52. What is the significance of valence electrons in chemistry?
53. How does the electronic configuration determine the chemical properties of an element?
54. What are the applications of isotopes in medicine?
55. Explain how isotopes are used in radiotherapy.
56. What is the role of isotopes as tracers in medical diagnosis?
57. Discuss the geological applications of isotopes.
58. How are isotopes used in archaeological dating?
59. Describe how isotopes can be used in power generation.
60. What is the shielding effect in relation to atomic structure?
61. How does atomic size change across a period?
62. Explain the trend of ionization energy across a period.
63. How does electronegativity vary in the periodic table?
64. Define electron affinity and its periodic trend.
65. What factors influence the atomic radius?
66. Compare the atomic size of alkali metals with noble gases.
67. Explain how electron configuration relates to periodic properties.
**Tough Questions (36 Questions)**
68. Discuss the historical significance of Mendeleev's periodic table.
69. What is the modern periodic law?
70. How did Mendeleev’s predictions validate the periodic law?
71. Explain the significance of the long form of the periodic table.
72. What are the salient features of the long form of the periodic table?
73. Describe the periodic trends in ionic size.
74. Explain the concept of effective nuclear charge and its effects on periodic properties.
75. Discuss the anomalies in the electronic configuration of transition metals.
76. How does the presence of f-block elements influence the periodic table?
77. Explain the relationship between ionization energy and reactivity of elements.
78. How do electron configurations affect the stability of an atom?
79. Discuss the differences in electron affinity between metals and nonmetals.
80. Analyze the impact of isotopes on atomic mass.
81. Describe the role of isotopes in chemical reactions.
82. Discuss how isotopes are used in structure determination of compounds.
83. Explain the significance of neutron activation analysis.
84. How do isotopes contribute to understanding metabolic pathways in biochemistry?
85. Discuss the safety and ethical considerations of using isotopes in medicine.
86. Explain how isotopes can be used to track environmental changes.
87. What are the challenges of handling isotopes in a laboratory setting?
88. Discuss the implications of isotopes in nuclear chemistry.
89. How are isotopes applied in the study of biological systems?
90. What technological advancements have improved isotope applications in science?
91. Explain how the understanding of atomic structure has evolved over time.
92. Discuss the differences between the models of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr.
93. Evaluate the importance of experimental evidence in developing atomic theories.
94. How do current theories build on the early models of the atom?
95. Analyze the relationship between atomic structure and the periodic table.
---
### **Long Questions (10 Questions)**
**Easy Questions (3 Questions)**
1. Describe the structure of the atom according to Dalton's atomic theory.
2. Explain how J.J. Thomson’s experiments contributed to the understanding of atomic structure.
3. What are the main features of the Bohr model of the atom?
**Moderate Questions (4 Questions)**
4. Compare and contrast Rutherford’s and Bohr’s atomic models, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
5. Discuss the significance of isotopes and provide examples of their applications in different fields.
6. Explain the concept of atomic radius and how it varies across the periodic table.
7. Analyze the trends in ionization energy and electronegativity across periods and groups.
**Tough Questions (3 Questions)**
8. Evaluate the impact of Mendeleev's periodic table on the development of modern chemistry.
9. Discuss the historical context and implications of the discovery of neutrons in atomic theory.
10. Critically analyze the role of isotopes in radiotherapy and the ethical considerations involved.
---
Feel free to adjust any questions or difficulty levels as needed for your curriculum!